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Polymer-reinforced concrete (FRP) inoonekwa senzira itsva uye ine hupfumi yekugadzirisa zvimiro.Muchidzidzo ichi, zvinhu zviviri zvakajairika [carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) negirazi faibha reinforced polymer (GFRP)] zvakasarudzwa kuti zviongorore kusimbaradza kwekongiri munzvimbo dzakaoma.Kupokana kwekongiri ine FRP kune sulphate kurwisa uye inoenderana nechando-thaw mitsetse yakakurukurwa.Electron microscopy yekudzidza pamusoro uye kushatisa kwemukati kwekongiri panguva yekukanganiswa kwevhu.Dhigirii uye mashandiro e sodium sulfate corrosion yakaongororwa nepH kukosha, SEM electron microscopy, uye EMF simba spectrum.Axial compressive simba bvunzo yakashandiswa kuongorora kusimbiswa kweFRP-yakamanikidzwa kongiri makoramu, uye kushushikana-kushushikana hukama kwakatorwa kune dzakasiyana nzira dzekuchengetedza FRP munzvimbo inoparadza yakabatana.Ongororo yemhosho yakaitwa kuenzanisa mibairo yebvunzo uchishandisa mana aripo ekufungidzira.Zvose zvinoonekwa zvinoratidza kuti kusvibiswa kwemaitiro eFRP-yakavharwa kongiri yakaoma uye ine simba pasi pe conjugate stress.Sodium sulfate pakutanga inowedzera simba rekongiri mune yayo mbishi fomu.Nekudaro, kunotevera kutonhora-kunyorova kutenderera kunogona kuwedzera kuputika kwekongiri, uye sodium sulfate inowedzera kuderedza simba rekongiri nekusimudzira kuputika.Iyo chaiyo nhamba yemuenzaniso inokurudzirwa kutevedzera kushushikana-kushushikana hukama, iyo yakakosha pakugadzira uye kuongorora kutenderera kwehupenyu hweFRP-yakamanikidzwa kongiri.
Senzira yekuvandudza kongiri yekusimbisa iyo yakatsvagirwa kubva kuma1970s, FRP ine zvakanakira uremu huremu, simba rakakura, kuramba kwecorrosion, kuramba kuneta uye kuvaka kuri nyore1,2,3.Sezvo mutengo uchidzikira, zvave kuita kuwanda mukuita zveinjiniya senge fiberglass (GFRP), kabhoni faibha (CFRP), basalt fiber (BFRP), uye aramid fiber (AFRP), inova ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa FRP yekusimbisa zvimiro4, 5. Nzira yekuchengetedza yeFRP yakarongwa inogona kuvandudza kushanda kwekongiri uye kudzivirira kuputsika nguva isati yakwana.Nekudaro, akasiyana ekunze nharaunda mune mechaniki engineering anowanzo kukanganisa kusimba kweFRP-limited kongiri, zvichiita kuti simba rayo rikanganiswe.
Vatsvagiri vakati wandei vakadzidza kushushikana uye kudzvanya shanduko mukongiri ine akasiyana-muchinjika-chikamu maumbirwo uye saizi.Yang et al.6 yakawana kuti kushushikana kwekupedzisira uye kushushikana kwakabatana zvakanaka nekukura kwefibrous tishu ukobvu.Wu et al.7 vakawana stress-strain curves yeFRP-constrained kongiri vachishandisa mhando dzakasiyana dzefiber kufanotaura magumo ekupedzisira uye mitoro.Lin et al.8 vakawana kuti FRP stress-strain models for round, square, rectangular, and elliptical bars inosiyanawo zvikuru, uye yakagadzira mutsva wekugadzira-inotarisana nestress-strain model uchishandisa reshiyo yehupamhi uye yekona radius separameters.Lam et al.9 vakacherechedza kuti kusawirirana kusingafananidzi uye kupeta kweFRP kwakaguma nekuderera kuderera uye kushungurudzika muFRP kupfuura mukuedza kweslab tensile.Uye zvakare, masayendisiti akadzidza zvipingamupinyi zvishoma uye nzira nyowani dzekumanikidza zvinoenderana neyakasiyana-yepasirese dhizaini zvinodiwa.Wang et al.[10] akaita axial compression bvunzo pane yakazara, zvishoma uye isina kuganhurirwa kongiri mumatatu mashoma modes.Iyo "stress-strain" modhi yakagadziridzwa uye coefficients ekugadzirisa mhedzisiro yekongiri yakavharwa zvishoma inopihwa.Wu et al.11 yakagadzira nzira yekufanotaura kushushikana-kunetseka kutsamira kweFRP-yakamanikidzwa kongiri iyo inofunga nezvehukuru mhedzisiro.Moran et al.12 vakaongorora axial monotonic compression properties yekongiri yakamanikidzika ine FRP helical strips uye yakabva yaita stress-strain curves.Nekudaro, chidzidzo chiri pamusoro apa chinonyanya kuongorora mutsauko pakati pekongiri yakavharirwa zvishoma uye kongiri yakavharirwa zvizere.Basa reFRPs rinodzikamisa kongiri zvikamu harina kudzidzwa zvakadzama.
Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo chacho chakaongorora kushanda kweFRP-yakavharidzirwa kongiri maererano nekumanikidzika kwesimba, kushanduka kwekutambudzika, yekutanga modulus ye elasticity, uye strain-hardening modulus pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana.Tijani et al.13,14 yakaona kuti kugadzirisa kweFRP-limited kongiri kunodzikira nekuwedzera kukuvadzwa muFRP kugadzirisa zviedzo pakatanga kukuvadzwa kongiri.Ma et al.[15] akadzidza mhedzisiro yekukuvara kwekutanga paFRP-akamanikidza kongiri makoramu uye akafunga kuti mhedzisiro yekukuvadza dhigirii pasimba rekusimba yaive isingaite, asi yakave nemhedzisiro yakakosha pakureba uye longitudinal deformation.Zvisinei, Cao et al.16 yakacherekedza kushushikana-kunetseka ma curves uye kushushikana-kushungurudza envelopu curves yeFRP-yakamanikidzwa kongiri yakakanganiswa nekutanga kukuvara.Pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvekutanga kongiri kutadza, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwawo pamusoro pekusimba kweFRP-yakaganhurirwa kongiri pasi pemamiriro ekunze akaomarara.Aya masayendisiti akadzidza kuderedzwa kweFRP-yakavharirwa kongiri pasi pemamiriro akaomarara uye akashandisa nzira dzekuongorora kukuvara kugadzira mamodheru ekudzikisira kufanotaura hupenyu hwesevhisi.Xie et al.17 yakaisa FRP-yakavharidzirwa kongiri munzvimbo ye hydrothermal uye yakawana kuti hydrothermal mamiriro ezvinhu akanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro emagetsi eFRP, zvichiita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera kwesimba rayo rekumanikidza.Munzvimbo ine acid-base, iyo interface pakati peCFRP nekongiri inodzikira.Sezvo nguva yekunyudzwa ichiwedzera, chiyero chekuburitswa kwesimba rekuparadza kweCFRP layer inodzikira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinozotungamira mukuparara kwemasamples emukati18,19,20.Mukuwedzera, mamwe masayendisiti akadzidzawo mhedzisiro yechando uye kunyunguduka paFRP-yakaganhurwa kongiri.Liu et al.21 vakacherekedza kuti CFRP rebar ine kusimba kwakanaka pasi pechando-inonyunguduka macycles zvichienderana nehukama dynamic modulus, compressive simba, uye stress-strain ratio.Mukuwedzera, muenzaniso unotsanangurwa unobatanidzwa nekuparara kwemagetsi ekrete.Zvisinei, Peng et al.22 vakaverenga hupenyu hweCFRP uye zvinonamira kongiri vachishandisa tembiricha uye chando-thaw cycle data.Guang et al.23 yakaita bvunzo dzekukurumidza kunyungudutswa kwekongiri uye yakakurudzira nzira yekuongorora kusamira kwechando zvichienderana nehupamhi hwedhiri rakakuvadzwa pasi pekuratidzwa kwechando.Yazdani et al.24 yakadzidza mhedzisiro yeFRP layers pakupinda kwe chloride ions mukongiri.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti FRP layer inopesana nekemikari uye inomisa kongiri yemukati kubva kune ekunze chloride ions.Liu et al.25 akatevedzera peel test mamiriro e sulfate-corroded FRP kongiri, akagadzira slip modhi, uye akafanotaura kuderedzwa kweFRP-concrete interface.Wang et al.26 yakagadzira dhizaini-strain modhi yeFRP-yakamanikidza sulphate-eroded kongiri kuburikidza neuniaxial compression bvunzo.Zhou et al.[27] akadzidza kukuvadzwa kwekongiri isina kuvharwa inokonzerwa nekusanganiswa kwechando-thaw kutenderera kwemunyu uye kekutanga yakashandisa basa rekugadzirisa kutsanangura nzira yekutadza.Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaita kufambira mberi kwakanyanya mukuongorora kusimba kweFRP-yakaganhurirwa kongiri.Nekudaro, vazhinji vaongorori vakatarisa pakuenzanisa erosive media pasi peimwe mamiriro asina kunaka.Concrete inowanzokuvadzwa nekuda kwekukukurwa kwakabatana kunokonzerwa neakasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.Aya akasanganiswa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anoshatisa zvakanyanya kuita kweFRP-inorambidzwa kongiri.
Sulfation uye freeze-thaw cycles maviri akajairwa akakosha paramita anokanganisa kusimba kwekongiri.FRP localization tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza zvimiro zvekongiri.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muinjiniya nekutsvaga, asi parizvino ine painogumira.Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakatarisa pakupokana kweFRP-yakavharirwa kongiri kune sulfate corrosion munzvimbo dzinotonhora.Nzira yekukukurwa kwekongiri yakavharirwa zvizere, yakavharwa uye yakavhurika nesodium sulfate uye kunyungudika kwechando inokodzera kudzidza zvakadzama, kunyanya nzira nyowani yakavharirwa inotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino.Iyo yekusimbisa mhedzisiro pakongiri makoramu yakadzidzwa zvakare nekuchinjana kurongeka kweFRP kuchengetedza uye kukukurwa.Microcosmic uye macroscopic shanduko mumuenzaniso wakakonzerwa nekukukurwa kwebhondi kwakaratidzwa neelectron microscope, pH bvunzo, SEM electron maikorosikopu, EMF simba spectrum ongororo uye uniaxial mechanical test.Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo ichi chinokurukura nezvemitemo inotonga kushushikana-kushushikana hukama kunoitika muuniaxial mechanical test.Iwo anoyedzerwa akasimbiswa muganho kushushikana uye strain value akasimbiswa nekukanganisa kuongororwa uchishandisa mana aripo emuganho ekudzvinyirira-strain modhi.Iyo yakatsanangurwa modhi inogona kunyatsofanotaura kuomesesa kwekupedzisira uye kusimba kwezvinhu, izvo zvinobatsira mune ramangwana reFRP yekusimbisa maitiro.Chekupedzisira, inoshanda senge hwaro hwepfungwa yeiyo FRP kongiri yemunyu inopikisa chando.
Chidzidzo ichi chinoongorora kuparara kweFRP-limited kongiri uchishandisa sulfate solution corrosion pamwe chete nechando-thaw cycles.Microscopic uye macroscopic shanduko inokonzerwa nekukukurwa kwekongiri yakaratidzwa uchishandisa scanning electron microscopy, pH yekuongorora, EDS simba spectroscopy, uye uniaxial mechaniki yekuyedza.Mukuwedzera, iyo mechanical properties uye kushungurudzika-kushungurudzika kuchinja kweFRP-yakamanikidzika kongiri yakakonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwakasungwa kwakaongororwa uchishandisa axial compression miedzo.
FRP Confined Concrete ine mbishi kongiri, FRP yekunze yekuputira zvinhu uye epoxy adhesive.Zvinhu zviviri zvekunze zvekudzivirira zvakasarudzwa: CFRP neGRP, zvinhu zvezvinhu zvinoratidzwa muTebhu 1. Epoxy resins A uye B yakashandiswa sematanho (kusanganisa chiyero 2: 1 nehuwandu).Mupunga.1 inoratidzira ruzivo rwekuvakwa kwekongiri musanganiswa zvinhu.Mumufananidzo 1a, Swan PO 42.5 Portland simenti yakashandiswa.Coarse aggregates akapwanyika basalt dombo nehupamhi hwe5-10 uye 10-19 mm, zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa mufig.1b uye c.Sechizadziso chakanaka muFig. 1g yakashandisa jecha rerwizi rwechisikigo rine fineness modulus ye2.3.Gadzirira mhinduro ye sodium sulfate kubva kune granules yeanhydrous sodium sulfate uye imwe huwandu hwemvura.
Kuumbwa kwekongiri musanganiswa: a - simenti, b - aggregate 5-10 mm, c - aggregate 10-19 mm, d - rwizi jecha.
Simba rekugadzira kongiri ndeye 30 MPa, izvo zvinoita kuti pave neyakagadziriswa simende kongiri ye40 kusvika 100 mm.Kongiri musanganiswa reshiyo inoratidzwa muTebhurari 2, uye chiyero che coarse aggregate 5-10 mm uye 10-20 mm ndeye 3: 7.Mhedzisiro yekudyidzana nemhoteredzo yakaenzanisirwa nekutanga kugadzirira 10% NaSO4 mhinduro uyezve kudururira mhinduro mukamuri yechando-yakanyorova.
Kongiri yakasanganiswa yakagadzirwa mu 0.5 m3 yakamanikidzwa musanganisi uye batch yese yekongiri yakashandiswa kuisa sampuli dzinodiwa.Chekutanga pane zvese, zvishongedzo zvekongiri zvinogadzirwa zvinoenderana neTafura 2, uye simende, jecha uye coarse aggregate inosanganiswa kwemaminitsi matatu.Zvadaro wogovera mvura yacho zvakafanana uye simbisa kwemaminitsi mashanu.Zvadaro, zvienzaniso zvekongiri zvakakandwa mumaforogo ecylindrical uye zvakabatanidzwa patafura inodedera (mold dhayamita 10 cm, kureba 20 cm).
Mushure mekurapa kwemazuva makumi maviri nemasere, masampuli akaputirwa neFRP zvinhu.Ichi chidzidzo chinokurukura nzira nhatu dzeakasimbiswa kongiri makoramu, kusanganisira akavharirwa zvizere, semi-akamanikidzwa, uye asina kuganhurirwa.Mhando mbiri, CFRP neGFRP, dzinoshandiswa kune zvishoma zvinhu.FRP Yakavharirwa zvizere FRP kongiri shell, 20 cm kureba uye 39 cm kureba.Pamusoro uye pasi peFRP-yakasungwa kongiri haina kuvharwa ne epoxy.Iyo semi-hermetic yekuyedza maitiro seyachangobva kutaurwa tekinoroji yemhepo inotsanangurwa seizvi.
(2) Uchishandisa mutongi, dhirowa mutsara pane kongiri cylindrical pamusoro kuti uone nzvimbo yeFRP mitsetse, chinhambwe chiri pakati pemachira ndeye 2.5 cm.Zvadaro putira tepi kumativi ekrete nzvimbo iyo FRP isingadiwi.
(3) Nzvimbo yekongiri inokwenenzverwa nejecha, ichipukutwa nedoro makushe, uye yakaputirwa ne epoxy.Wobva wanamira nemaoko tambo dzefiberglass padenga rekongiri uye wodzvanya maburi kuitira kuti fiberglass inyatso kuomerera kune kongiri uye kudzivirira mabhuru emhepo.Pakupedzisira, namatidza FRP mitsetse pane kongiri kumusoro kubva kumusoro kusvika kuzasi, zvinoenderana nemamaki akaitwa nemutongi.
(4) Mushure mehafu yeawa, tarisa kana kongiri yakaparadzana kubva kuFRP.Kana iyo FRP ichitsvedza kana kunamatira kunze, inofanira kugadziriswa nekukasira.Mienzaniso yakaumbwa inofanirwa kurapwa kwemazuva manomwe kuti ive nechokwadi chekupora.
(5) Mushure mekurapa, shandisa banga rekushandisa kuti ubvise tepi kubva pane kongiri, uye pakupedzisira uwane semi-hermetic FRP kongiri column.
Zvigumisiro pasi pezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzwa mufig.2. Mufananidzo 2a unoratidza yakazara yakavharirwa CFRP kongiri, Figure 2b inoratidza semi-generalized CFRP kongiri, Figure 2c inoratidza akavharirwa zvakakwana GFRP kongiri, uye Figure 2d inoratidza semi-akamanikidzwa CFRP kongiri.
Zvitaera zvakavharirwa: (a) yakavharwa zvizere CFRP;(b) semi-yakavharwa kabhoni fiber;(c) yakavharirwa zvachose mufiberglass;(d) semi-yakavharirwa fiberglass.
Kune mana makuru ma paramita akagadzirirwa kuongorora mhedzisiro yeFRP zvipingamupinyi uye kutevedza kwekukurwa kwevhu pane erosion control performance yemasilinda.Tafura 3 inoratidza huwandu hwemasamples ekongiri.Mienzaniso yechikamu chega chega yaive nemasampuri matatu akafanana ekuti data irambe inoenderana.Zvinoreva sampuli nhatu dzakaongororwa kune ese ekuedza mhinduro mune ino chinyorwa.
(1) Airtight zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa secarbon fiber kana fiberglass.Kuenzanisa kwakaitwa kwekuita kwemhando mbiri dzefiber pakusimbiswa kwekongiri.
(2) Concrete column midziyo nzira dzakakamurwa kuva marudzi matatu: akazara akaganhurirwa, semi-mugumi uye asina muganho.Kuramba kukukurwa kwekongiri yakavharirwa semi-yakavharwa kwakaenzaniswa nemamwe marudzi maviri.
(3) Mamiriro ekukukurwa kwemvura ndeye chando-thaw cycles pamwe nesarufate solution, uye nhamba yechando-thaw cycles i 0, 50 uye 100 nguva, zvichiteerana.Mhedzisiro yekukukurwa kwakabatana paFRP-yakamanikidza kongiri makoramu yakaongororwa.
(4) Zvidimbu zvekuyedza zvakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu.Boka rekutanga ndere FRP kuputira kozoita ngura, rechipiri rinoita ngura kutanga rozoputira, uye boka rechitatu ndiro corrosion kutanga rozoputira robva raita ngura.
Maitiro ekuyedza anoshandisa muchina wekuyedza wepasirese, muchina wekuyedza ushingi, chando-thaw cycle unit (CDR-Z type), electron microscope, pH metre, dhizaini, mudziyo wekutamisa, SEM electron microscope, uye EDS simba spectrum analyzer muchidzidzo ichi.Muenzaniso ikona kongiri 10 cm kureba uye 20 cm mudhayamita.Kongiri yakarapwa mukati memazuva makumi maviri nemasere mushure mekudururwa nekutsikirirwa, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3a.Yese samples yakaderedzwa mushure mekukanda uye yakachengetwa kwemazuva makumi maviri nemasere pa18-22 ° C uye 95% hunyoro hunyoro, uyezve mamwe masampuli akaputirwa nefiberglass.
Nzira dzekuyedza: (a) midziyo yekuchengetedza tembiricha uye hunyoro;(b) muchina wechando wechando;(c) muchina wekuyedza wepasirese;(d) pH tester;(e) kucherechedzwa kwemicroscopic.
Chiyedzo chechando chechando chinoshandisa nzira yekuomesa nemwenje sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3b.Maererano neGB/T 50082-2009 "Durability Standards for Conventional Concrete", sampuli dzekongiri dzakanyudzwa zvachose mu10% sodium sulfate solution pa15-20 ° C kwemazuva mana isati yanyanya kutonhora uye kunyunguduka.Mushure meizvi, kurwisa kwe sulfate kunotanga uye kunopera panguva imwe chete nechando-thaw cycle.Iyo yechando-thaw kutenderera nguva ndeye 2 kusvika 4 maawa, uye nguva yekudzikisa haifanirwe kuve isingasviki 1/4 yenguva yekutenderera.Sample yepakati tembiricha inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa mukati mehupamhi kubva (-18±2) kusvika (5±2) ° С.Shanduko kubva muchando kuenda ku defrosting haifanire kutora maminetsi asingapfuuri gumi.Zvitatu zvema cylindrical zvakafanana zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe zvakashandiswa kudzidza kurasikirwa nekurema uye pH kuchinja kwemhinduro pamusoro pe 25 freeze-thaw cycles, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 3d.Mushure memakumi maviri neshanu ega ega echando-thaw cycles, samples dzakabviswa uye nzvimbo dzakacheneswa vasati vaona huremu hwavo hutsva (Wd).Zvese zviedzo zvakaitwa mumatatu emasampuli, uye avhareji kukosha kwakashandiswa kukurukura mhinduro dzebvunzo.Mafomura ekurasikirwa kwehuremu uye simba remuenzaniso anotemwa sezvinotevera:
Muchidimbu, ΔWd ndiyo kurasikirwa kwehuremu (%) yemuenzaniso mushure mezvikamu makumi maviri neshanu zvechando, W0 ndiyo yevhareji yehuremu hwesampu yekrete isati yasvika-yega-thaw cycle (kg), Wd ndiyo yevhareji uremu hwekongiri.uremu hwesample mushure memakumi maviri neshanu echando-thaw cycles (kg).
Iyo simba yekudzikisira coefficient yemuenzaniso inoratidzwa neKd, uye iyo yekuverenga fomula ndeiyi inotevera:
Muchidimbu, ΔKd ndiyo chiyero chekurasikirwa kwesimba (%) yemuenzaniso mushure memazuva makumi mashanu ekunyunguduka-kunyunguduka, f0 ndiyo yevhareji yesimba rekongiri sampuli isati yasvika-inopisa mhepo (MPa), fd ndiyo yepakati simba re sampu yekongiri yemakumi mashanu echando-thaw cycles (MPa).
Pamusoro pemuonde.3c inoratidza mushini wekuyedza wekumanikidza wekongiri sampuli.Zvinoenderana ne "Standard for Test Methods for the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete" (GBT50081-2019), nzira yekuyedza makoramu ekongiri yesimba rekumanikidza inotsanangurwa.Chiyero chekurodha muyedzo yekumanikidza ndeye 0.5 MPa/s, uye inoenderera uye inoteedzana kurodha inoshandiswa mukati meyedzo.Hukama hwekuremerwa kwemutoro wega wega wakanyorwa panguva yekuyedzwa kwemichina.Mageji emagetsi akabatanidzwa kune kunze kwekongiri uye FRP zvidimbu zvezvienzaniso kuyera axial uye horizontal strains.Iyo strain cell inoshandiswa mukuyedzwa kwemakanika kurekodha shanduko yemuenzaniso dhizaini panguva yekumanikidza bvunzo.
Ese makumi maviri neshanu ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega ega.Pamusoro pemuonde.3d inoratidza pH bvunzo yemuenzaniso mhinduro mumudziyo.Microscopic kuongororwa kwepamusoro uye chikamu chemuchinjikwa chemuenzaniso pasi pechando-thaw mamiriro anoratidzwa muFig. 3d.Mamiriro epamusoro pemasampuli akasiyana-siyana mushure me50 uye 100 kutonhora-kunyunguduka mu sulfate solution yakaonekwa pasi pe microscope.Maikorosikopu inoshandisa 400x kukura.Paunenge uchitarisa pamusoro pemuenzaniso, kuputika kweFRP layer uye kunze kwekrete kunonyanya kuonekwa.Kucherechedzwa kwechikamu chemuchinjiko chemuenzaniso kunonyanya kusarudza mamiriro ekukukurwa ari chinhambwe che5, 10 uye 15 mm kubva kunze.Kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zve sulfate uye kutonhora-kutenderera kunoda kumwe kuedzwa.Naizvozvo, nzvimbo yakagadziridzwa yemasampuli akasarudzwa yakaongororwa pachishandiswa scanning electron microscope (SEM) yakashongedzerwa ine simba dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
Ongorora nemeso sampuli yepasi neelectronic microscope uye sarudza 400X magnification.Iyo dhigirii yekukuvadzwa kwepasi mu semi-yakavharirwa uye isina kubatana GRP kongiri pasi pechando-thaw cycles uye kuratidzwa kune sulfates yakanyanya kukwirira, nepo mukongiri yakavharirwa zvizere haigoneki.Chikamu chekutanga chinoreva kuitika kwekukukurwa kwekongiri yakasununguka-inoyerera ne sodium sulfate uye kubva ku0 kusvika ku100 kutonhora-kunyorovesa mitsara, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 4a.Concrete samples isina kuratidzwa kwechando ine nzvimbo yakatsetseka isina zvinoonekwa.Mushure mekukurwa kwe50, iyo pulp block pamusoro pepamusoro yakasvunurwa zvishoma, ichiburitsa ganda jena repulp.Mushure mekukura kwe100, makungu ezvigadziriso akadonha zvachose panguva yekutarisa kwekuona kwekongiri.Kucherechedzwa kweMicroscopic kwakaratidza kuti pamusoro pe0 chando-thaw eroded kongiri yaive yakatsetseka uye iyo yekumusoro aggregate nedhaka zvaive mundege imwechete.Nzvimbo isina kuenzana, yakakasharara yakaonekwa panzvimbo yekongiri yakakukurwa ne50 mazaya echando.Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti imwe dhaka inoparadzwa uye shoma shoma yemakristani machena machena anonamatira kumusoro, iyo inonyanya kuumbwa neaggregate, dhaka uye machena makristasi.Mushure me100 kutonhora-kunyungudika kutenderera, nzvimbo hombe yemakristasi machena yakaonekwa pamusoro pekongiri, uku iyo yakasviba yakaomesesa aggregate yakaratidzwa kune yekunze nharaunda.Parizvino, iyo kongiri yepamusoro inonyanya kuratidzwa aggregate uye machena makristasi.
Mofology yekoramu yekongiri inonyungudika nechando: (a) kongiri isina miganhu;(b) semi-yakavharirwa kabhoni fiber yakasimbiswa kongiri;(c) GRP semi-yakavharwa kongiri;(d) yakavharirwa zvizere CFRP kongiri;(e) GRP kongiri semi-yakavharwa kongiri.
Chikamu chechipiri ndiko kuora kwesemi-hermetic CFRP uye GRP kongiri makoramu pasi pechando-thaw kutenderera uye kuratidzwa kune sulfates, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 4b, c.Kuongorora kwekuona (1x magnification) kwakaratidza kuti hupfu chena hwakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pehupamhi hwefibrous, iyo yakakurumidza kudonha nekuwedzera kwenhamba yechando-thaw cycles.Kukukurwa kwepasi kusingadzivirirwe kwe semi-hermetic FRP kongiri kwakawedzera kutaurwa sezvo huwandu hwemazaya echando akawedzera.Chiitiko chinooneka che "bloating" (nzvimbo yakazaruka yemhinduro yekongiri yekongiri iri pamucheto wekuputsika).Nekudaro, iyo peeling phenomenon inokanganiswa zvishoma neiyo iri padyo necarbon fiber coating).Pasi pemaikorosikopu, masynthetic carbon fibers anoonekwa seshinda chena pane dema kumashure pa400x magnification.Nekuda kwekurongeka kwemafiber uye kuratidzwa kune mwenje usina kuenzana, anoita seachena, asi kabhoni fiber bundles pachawo akasviba.Fiberglass inotanga chena-seshinda, asi kana yasangana neadhesive inobuda pachena uye mamiriro ekongiri mukati mefiberglass anooneka zvakajeka.Fiberglass ichena yakajeka uye binder ine yero.Ose ari maviri akareruka muruvara, saka ruvara rweglue runovanza tambo dzefiberglass, zvichipa kutaridzika kwese kweyero tint.Iyo kabhoni negirazi fiber inodzivirirwa kubva mukukuvadzwa nekunze epoxy resin.Sezvo nhamba yekurwiswa kwechando yakawedzera, mamwe ma voids uye mashoma machena makristasi akatanga kuoneka pamusoro.Sezvo kutonhora kwe sulfate kunowedzera, binder zvishoma nezvishoma inova mutete, ruvara rweyero runopera uye mafiibhi anoonekwa.
Chikamu chechitatu ndiko kuora kweCFRP yakavharwa zvakakwana uye GRP kongiri pasi pechando-thaw cycles uye kuratidzwa kune sulfates, sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 4d, e.Zvakare, zvakacherechedzwa mhedzisiro yakafanana neiyo yechipiri mhando yechikamu chakamanikidzwa chekongiri mbiru.
Enzanisa zviitiko zvakaonekwa mushure mekushandisa nzira nhatu dzekuchengetera dzatsanangurwa pamusoro.Iwo mafibrous tissues akazara insulated FRP kongiri anoramba akatsiga sezvo huwandu hwechando-thaw cycles inowedzera.Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo inonamira ring layer yakatetepa pamusoro.Epoxy resins inowanzoita neanoshanda hydrogen ions muyakavhurika-ring sulfuric acid uye haatomboite nemasulfates28.Nekudaro, zvinogona kutariswa kuti kukukurwa kunonyanya kushandura maitiro eiyo adhesive layer semhedzisiro yechando-thaw cycles, nekudaro ichichinja iyo yekusimbisa mhedzisiro yeFRP.Iyo kongiri yepamusoro yeFRP semi-hermetic kongiri ine yakafanana yekukukurwa kwevhu senge isina kudzorwa kongiri yepasi.Iyo FRP layer inoenderana neiyo FRP layer yekongiri yakavharirwa zvizere, uye kukuvara hakusi pachena.Nekudaro, mune semi-yakavharwa GRP kongiri, yakakura erosional makatsemuka anoitika apo fiber mitsetse inopindirana nekongiri yakafumurwa.Kukukurwa kwenzvimbo dzekongiri dziri pachena kunowedzera kuipa sezvo huwandu hwemazaya echando hunowedzera.
Idzo dzemukati dzakavharirwa zvizere, semi-yakavharirwa, uye isina kuganhurirwa FRP kongiri yakaratidza misiyano yakakura painoiswa pasi pechando-inonyungudutsa mitsetse uye kuratidzwa kune sulfate mhinduro.Muenzaniso wakachekwa zvakachinjika uye chikamu chemuchinjikwa chakaonekwa pachishandiswa electron microscope pa 400x magnification.Pamusoro pemuonde.5 inoratidza microscopic mifananidzo iri chinhambwe che5 mm, 10 mm uye 15 mm kubva kumuganhu pakati pekongiri nedhaka, zvichiteerana.Zvakaonekwa kuti kana sodium sulfate solution inosanganiswa nechando-thaw, kukuvara kwekongiri kunoputsika zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumusoro kusvika mukati.Nekuda kwekuti mamiriro ekukukurwa kwemukati eCFRP neGFRP-akamanikidza kongiri akafanana, chikamu ichi hachienzanise zvinhu zviviri zvemukati.
Kucherechedzwa kweMicroscopic yemukati mechikamu chekongiri chekoramu: (a) inogumira zvachose nefiberglass;(b) semi-yakavharwa nefiberglass;(c) zvisingagumi.
Kukukurwa kwemukati kweFRP yakavharirwa kongiri inoratidzwa mufig.5a.Kutsemuka kunoonekwa pa 5 mm, nzvimbo yacho inenge yakatsetseka, hapana crystallization.Iyo yepamusoro yakatsetseka, isina makristasi, 10 kusvika 15 mm gobvu.Kukukurwa kwemukati kweFRP semi-hermetic kongiri inoratidzwa mufig.5 B. Kutsemuka uye makristasi machena anoonekwa pa 5mm uye 10mm, uye nzvimbo yacho inotsvedza pa 15mm.Mufananidzo 5c unoratidza zvikamu zvekongiri yeFRP makoramu uko kutsemuka kwakawanikwa pa5, 10 uye 15 mm.Makristasi mashoma machena mumitsero akazova zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo kuputika kwaifamba kubva kunze kwekongiri kuenda mukati.Endless kongiri mbiru airatidza yakanyanya kukukurwa, achiteverwa semi-akamanikidzwa FRP kongiri mbiru.Sodium sulfate yakanga isina mhedzisiro mukati meiyo yakavharirwa zvizere FRP kongiri samples pamusoro pe100 yechando-inonyungudutsa mitsetse.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chikonzero chikuru chekukukurwa kwekongiri yeFRP yakamanikidzwa zvizere inobatanidza kunyungudika kwechando kwenguva yakati.Kucherechedzwa kwechikamu chemuchinjikwa kwakaratidza kuti chikamu chacho pakarepo chisati chanyanya kutonhora uye kunyunguduka chakanga chakatsetseka uye chisina maaggregates.Sezvo kongiri inotonhora uye inonyunguduka, kuputika kunoonekwa, zvakafanana kune aggregate, uye machena granular makristasi akafukidzwa zvakanyanya nekutsemuka.Zvidzidzo27 ​​zvakaratidza kuti kana kongiri yaiswa mune sodium sulfate mhinduro, sodium sulfate inopinda mukati mekongiri, imwe yacho inodonha sesodium sulfate makristasi, uye mamwe achaita nesamende.Sodium sulfate makristasi uye maitiro ekugadzirisa anoita senge machena granules.
FRP inomisa zvachose kutsemuka kwekongiri mukukukurwa kwakabatana, asi chikamu chacho chakatsetseka pasina crystallization.Kune rumwe rutivi, FRP semi-yakavharwa uye isina kuvharidzirwa kongiri zvikamu zvakagadzira mukati mekuputika uye crystallization pasi pe conjugated erosion.Zvinoenderana netsananguro yemufananidzo uye zvidzidzo zvekare29, iyo yakabatana yekukukurwa kweiyo isina kuganhurirwa uye semi-yakaganhurirwa FRP kongiri yakakamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri.Nhanho yekutanga yekupwanya kwekongiri inosanganiswa nekuwedzera uye kuputika panguva yechando-thaw.Kana sulphate ichipinda mukongiri uye ichionekwa, iyo sulphate inoenderana inozadza makatsemuka akagadzirwa ne shrinkage kubva kuchando-thaw uye hydration reactions.Naizvozvo, sulfate ine yakakosha yekudzivirira mhedzisiro pane kongiri padanho rekutanga uye inogona kuvandudza michina yekongiri kune imwe nhanho.Chikamu chechipiri chekurwisa sulfate chinoenderera mberi, chichipinda mumitswe kana mavhodhi uye kuita nesamende kuita alum.Nekuda kweizvozvo, mutswe unokura mukukura uye unokonzera kukanganisa.Munguva iyi, kuwedzera uye kupindirana kwemaitiro ane chokuita nechando uye kunyunguduka kuchawedzera kukanganisa kwemukati kwekrete, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwekutakura simba.
Pamusoro pemuonde.6 inoratidza shanduko yepH yekongiri yekumisikidza mhinduro kune nhatu dzakaganhurwa nzira dzakatariswa mushure me0, 25, 50, 75, uye zana yechando-thaw cycles.Asina kuvharwa uye semi-akavharwa FRP kongiri madhaka airatidza inokurumidza pH kusimuka kubva pa0 kusvika 25 kutonhora-kunyungudika kutenderera.pH yavo yakawedzera kubva 7.5 kusvika 11.5 uye 11.4, zvichiteerana.Sezvo huwandu hwemazaya echando akawedzera, iyo pH inokwira zvishoma nezvishoma yakadzikira mushure me25-100 yechando-thaw cycles.Huwandu hwavo hwepH hwakawedzera kubva pa11.5 uye 11.4 kusvika 12.4 uye 11.84, zvichiteerana.Nekuti iyo yakanyatso sungirirwa FRP kongiri inovhara iyo FRP layer, zvakaoma kuti sodium sulfate mhinduro ipinde.Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakaoma kuti simenti inoumbwa ipinde mukati mekugadzirisa kunze.Saka, iyo pH zvishoma nezvishoma yakawedzera kubva pa7.5 kusvika pa8.0 pakati pe0 ne100 yechando-inonyungudutsa mitsetse.Chikonzero chekuchinja kwepH chinoongororwa sezvinotevera.Iyo silicate mukongiri inosanganiswa nehydrogen ions mumvura kuita silicic acid, uye yasara OH- inosimudza pH yemushonga wakazara.Shanduko yepH yainyanya kutaurwa pakati pe 0-25 yechando-yanyungudika mitsara uye kushoma kutaurwa pakati pe25-100 yechando-thaw cycles30.Nekudaro, zvakawanikwa pano kuti pH yakaramba ichiwedzera mushure memakumi maviri neshanu-100 kutonhora-kutenderera kutenderera.Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti sodium sulfate inopindirana nemakemikari nemukati wekrete, ichishandura pH yemhinduro.Kuongororwa kwemakemikari kunoratidza kuti kongiri inopindirana ne sodium sulfate nenzira inotevera.
Mafomula (3) uye (4) anoratidza kuti sodium sulfate uye calcium hydroxide mune simende fomu gypsum (calcium sulfate), uye calcium sulfate inopindirana ne calcium metaaluminate mu simenti kuti igadzire alum crystals.Reaction (4) inoperekedzwa nekuumbwa kwekutanga OH-, iyo inotungamirira kuwedzera pH.Zvakare, sezvo kuita uku kuchidzokororwa, pH inokwira pane imwe nguva uye inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma.
Pamusoro pemuonde.7a inoratidza kurasikirwa kwehuremu kweyakavharirwa zvizere, semi-yakavharirwa, uye yakavharirwa GRP kongiri panguva yechando-inonyungudutsa mitsetse mune sulfate mhinduro.Kunyanya kujeka kushanduka mukurasikirwa kwevanhu vakawanda ndeyekongiri isingabvumirwi.Kongiri isina kuvharwa yakarasika inosvika 3.2% yehuremu hwayo mushure mekurwisa makumi mashanu nechando-inonyungudutswa uye ingangoita 3.85% mushure memazana zana ekurwiswa nechando.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekukukurwa kweiyo conjugated pamhando yekongiri yemahara-inoyerera inodzikira sezvo huwandu hwemazaya echando hunowedzera.Nekudaro, pakutarisa pamusoro peiyo sampuli, zvakaonekwa kuti kurasikirwa kwedhaka mushure memazana zana echando-yainyungudutswa kutenderera kwaive kwakakura kupfuura mushure memakumi mashanu echando-nyoro.Yakasanganiswa nezvidzidzo muchikamu chekare, inogona kufungidzirwa kuti kupinda kwe sulfates mukrete kunotungamirira kuderera mukurasikirwa kukuru.Zvichakadaro, alum uye gypsum inogadzirwa nemukati inokonzerawo kuderedza uremu, sezvakafanotaurwa nemakemikari equations (3) uye (4).
Shanduko yehuremu: (a) hukama pakati pekuchinja kwehuremu uye nhamba yechando-inonyungudutswa mitsetse;(b) hukama pakati pekuchinja kwehuwandu uye pH kukosha.
Shanduko yekurasikirwa nehuremu yeFRP semi-hermetic kongiri inotanga kuderera uye yobva yawedzera.Mushure memakumi mashanu echando-inonyungudutsa mitsetse, kurasikirwa kukuru kwesemi-hermetic fiberglass kongiri kungangoita 1.3%.Kurasikirwa kwehuremu mushure memazana zana kwaiva 0.8%.Nokudaro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti sodium sulfate inopinda mukongiri yakasununguka-inoyerera.Pamusoro pezvo, kucherechedzwa kwepamusoro pechimedu chekuyedza kwakaratidzawo kuti mafiber strips anogona kuramba kusvuura dhaka munzvimbo yakavhurika, nekudaro kuderedza uremu.
Shanduko yekurasikirwa kukuru kweiyo yakavharwa yakazara FRP kongiri yakasiyana neyekutanga mbiri.Misa haina kurasikirwa, asi inowedzera.Mushure me 50 frost-thaw erosions, huwandu hwakawedzera ne 0.08%.Mushure me100 nguva, huwandu hwayo hwakawedzera neinenge 0.428%.Sezvo kongiri yakadururwa zvachose, dhaka riri pamusoro pekrete haringabvi uye hazvibviri kuguma nekurasikirwa kwehutano.Kune rumwe rutivi, kupindira kwemvura uye sulfates kubva kumusoro kwepamusoro mukati memukati wekongiri yakaderera inovandudzawo kunaka kwekrete.
Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakamboitwa pahukama pakati pepH uye kurasikirwa kukuru muFRP-yakavharirwa kongiri pasi pemamiriro ekukura.Yakawanda yekutsvagisa inonyanya kukurukura hukama pakati pekurasikirwa kukuru, elastic modulus uye kurasikirwa kwesimba.Pamusoro pemuonde.7b inoratidza hukama pakati pekongiri pH uye kurasikirwa kukuru pasi pezvipingamupinyi zvitatu.Modhi yekufungidzira inokurudzirwa kufanotaura kurasikirwa kwekongiri kwehuwandu uchishandisa nzira nhatu dzekuchengetedza pane akasiyana pH kukosha.Sezvinoonekwa muMufananidzo 7b, Pearson's coefficient yakakwirira, zvichiratidza kuti zvechokwadi pane kuwirirana pakati pepH uye kurasikirwa kukuru.Iwo r-squared values ​​yeasina kuganhurirwa, semi-akarambidzwa, uye akaganhurirwa zvizere kongiri aive 0.86, 0.75, uye 0.96, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kushanduka kwepH uye kurasikirwa nehuremu hwekongiri yakavharirwa zvakakwana kune mutsara pasi pezvese sulfate uye nechando-nyoro mamiriro.Mune kongiri isina kuvharwa uye semi-hermetic FRP kongiri, iyo pH zvishoma nezvishoma inowedzera sezvo simende inobata nemushonga wemvura.Somugumisiro, nzvimbo yekrete inoparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, izvo zvinotungamirira pakurema.Kune rimwe divi, iyo pH yekongiri yakavharwa yakazara inochinja zvishoma nekuti iyo FRP layer inononoka kuita kemikari kuita sement nemhinduro yemvura.Nokudaro, nokuda kwekongiri yakavharwa zvakakwana, hapana kuoneka kwekukura kwepasi, asi kuchawana uremu nekuda kwekuzara nekuda kwekutorwa kwesulfate solutions.
Pamusoro pemuonde.8 inoratidza mhedzisiro yeSEM ​​scan yemasampuli akaiswa ne sodium sulfate freeze-thaw.Electron microscopy yakaongorora sampuli dzakaunganidzwa kubva pamatombo akatorwa kubva kunze kwechikamu chekongiri mbiru.Mufananidzo 8a mufananidzo we electron maikorosikopu wekongiri isina kuvharwa isati yakukurwa.Zvinocherechedzwa kuti kune maburi akawanda pamusoro peiyo sampuli, iyo inokanganisa kusimba kwekongiri mbiru pachayo isati yatanga chando.Pamusoro pemuonde.8b inoratidza mufananidzo we electron maikorosikopu yemuenzaniso wakavharidzirwa wakazara FRP kongiri mushure memazana zana ekunyorovesa kwechando.Kutsemuka mumuenzaniso nekuda kwechando uye kunyungudika kunogona kuonekwa.Zvisinei, pamusoro pacho hachina kutsetseka uye hapana makristasi pairi.Nokudaro, mitswe isina kuzara inooneka.Pamusoro pemuonde.8c inoratidza sampuli ye semi-hermetic GRP kongiri mushure memazana zana ekukukurwa kwechando.Zviri pachena kuti kuputika kwakawedzera uye zviyo zvakaumbwa pakati pezvimedu.Zvimwe zvezvimedu izvi zvinozvibatanidza nepakatsemuka.Kuongororwa kweSEM kwemuenzaniso wekoramu isina kuganhurirwa kongiri inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8d, chiitiko chinopindirana nehafu-kurambidzwa.Kuti uwedzere kujekesa kuumbwa kwezvimedu, zvimedu mumakoronga zvakawedzera kukudzwa uye kuongororwa uchishandisa EDS spectroscopy.Zviumbwa zvinouya muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana.Zvinoenderana neiyo simba spectrum ongororo, yekutanga mhando, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 9a, inguva dzose block crystal, inonyanya kuumbwa neO, S, Ca uye zvimwe zvinhu.Nekubatanidza maitiro apfuura (3) uye (4), zvinogona kutsanangurwa kuti chikamu chikuru chezvinyorwa ndeye gypsum (calcium sulfate).Yechipiri inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 9b;maererano nekuongororwa kwesimba remagetsi, chinhu che acicular chisiri-directional, uye zvikamu zvaro zvikuru ndezveO, Al, S uye Ca.Combination mabikirwo anoratidza kuti zvinhu zvacho zvinonyanya kuve nealum.Chivharo chechitatu chinoratidzwa muFig. 9c, ivhavha isina kukwana, yakagadziriswa nemagetsi ekuongorora simba, kunyanya inosanganisira zvikamu O, Na uye S. Zvakazoitika kuti izvi zvinonyanya kukosha sodium sulfate crystals.Kuongorora ma electron microscopy kwakaratidza kuti mavhodhi mazhinji akazadzwa nesodium sulfate crystals, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 9c, pamwe chete nediki gypsum uye alum.
Electron microscopic mifananidzo yemasampuli isati yaora uye yapera: (a) vhura kongiri isati yaora;(b) mushure mekuora, iyo fiberglass yakavharwa zvachose;(c) mushure mekuora kweGRP semi-yakavharwa kongiri;(d) mushure mekuora kwekongiri yakashama.
Ongororo yacho inotibvumira kutora mhedziso dzinotevera.Mifananidzo ye electron microscope yemasampuli matatu aive ese 1k × uye makatsemuka uye zvigadzirwa zvekukukurwa zvakawanikwa uye zvakaonekwa mumifananidzo.Kongiri isina kuganhurirwa ine mitswe yakakura uye ine zviyo zvakawanda.FRP semi-pressure kongiri yakaderera kune isiri-pressure kongiri maererano nehupamhi hwekutsemuka uye particle count.Yakanyatsovharirwa FRP kongiri ine diki diki hupamhi uye haina zvimedu mushure mekunyungudika kwechando.Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti yakavharirwa zvizere FRP kongiri ndiyo isingatani kukukurwa kubva muchando uye kunyungudika.Makemikari maitiro mukati mehafu-akavharirwa uye akavhurika FRP kongiri makoramu anotungamira mukuumbwa kwealum uye gypsum, uye sulfate kupinda kunokanganisa porosity.Nepo kutonhora-kunyorova kutenderera kuri iko honzeri huru yekutsemuka kwekongiri, sulfate uye zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinozadza mamwe matsemuka uye pores pakutanga.Zvisinei, sezvo huwandu uye nguva yekukukurwa kunowedzera, kuputika kunoramba kuchiwedzera uye huwandu hwealum hunoumbwa hunowedzera, zvichiita kuti extrusion cracks.Pakupedzisira, kutonhora-kunyunguduka uye sulfate kuratidzwa kunoderedza simba rekoramu.